It is the most important factor in improvement of the dairy breeds. reproduction is estimated to be worth: o 10 times more than growth traits In case of cattle, the onset of the first ovulation is considered as the time of puberty. The vulva has three main functions: the passage of urine, the opening for mating and serves as part of the birth canal. First, let’s look at the parts that make up the reproductive sys-tem in cattle (Figure 1). The blad- der lies below the reproductive tract and is connected at the ure-thral opening located on the vaginal floor. There are two ovaries, two oviducts, two uterine horns, a uterine body, cervix, vagina and vulva. To produce ova (eggs) which provides half of the eventual offspring's genetic makeup. Infection by reproductive tract pathogens results in a wide array of losses including embryonic deaths, abortions, stillbirths and weak calves. After introduction of an attenuated, live virus serotype 10 vaccine in the 1950s, abortion, mummification, stillbirth, and the birth of live offspring with CNS malformations occurred in cattle and sheep. Since then, multiple bluetongue serotypes have been identified as causes of similar reproductive losses in cattle and sheep. However, they unite with one another until, eventually, some dozen tubules pass out of the testicle into the head of the epididymis. Since dairy cattle are used mainly for milk production, their reproductive system and mammary system are the most important internal parts. der lies below the reproductive tract and is connected at the ure-thral opening located on the vaginal floor. There is evidence that before 2007, reproductive losses were caused by attenuated bluetongue vaccine viruses, either by vaccination of pregnant animals or by spread of vaccine virus in nature by Bovine Reproduction is a comprehensive, current reference providing information on all aspects of reproduction in the bull and cow. the reproductive efficiency of the dam, but also the sire.

3. However the time for the first insemination should be decided according to their body growth. Anatomy. The reproductive tract of the bull consists of the testicles, secondary sex organs, and three accessory sex glands. Reproductive diseases are the greatest disease threats to the production and profitability of beef cattle herds. Closely confined cattle are particularly susceptible. To provide an environment and conditions forfertilization of those ova. The reproductive system is the system used to reproduce cattle by natural, in vitro, and various artificial means of insemination. Since then, multiple bluetongue serotypes have been identified as causes of similar reproductive losses in cattle … Abortions are the visible tip of the iceberg in reproductive tract infections. This axis is composed of three anatomically and functionally In the cow, this cycle averages 21 days in length (range is 17 to 24 days) and is concerned with preparing the reproductive system for estrus or heat (the period of sexual receptivity) and ovulation (the release of the egg). A bull must be fertile, capable and willing to mate a large number of cows during a short breeding season for optimum production. Attenuation of bluetongue virus can increase its ability to cross the placenta. the neuroendocrine system and reproductive function in farm animals.

The rectum is located above the reproductive system. Offering fundamental knowledge on evaluating and restoring fertility in the bovine patient, the book also places information in the context of herd health where appropriate for a truly global view of bovine theriogenology.